What can cause failure of complete sterilization in an autoclave?

The correct answer focuses on the significance of proper chamber loading and wrapping when using an autoclave for sterilization. Overloading the autoclave creates a situation where steam cannot circulate freely around all items, which is essential for effective sterilization. If instruments are packed too tightly or wrapped incorrectly, steam may not reach every surface uniformly, thereby allowing some areas to remain unsterilized.

Additionally, improper wrapping can lead to the formation of air pockets that prevent steam penetration, further compromising the sterilization process. For the autoclave to function effectively, there must be sufficient space for steam to contact all surfaces and effectively kill microorganisms, making careful organization and adequate space critical components of successful sterilization.

In contrast, using new instruments does not inherently affect the sterilization process itself as long as those instruments are properly processed. Shortening sterilization time can compromise the efficacy of the sterilization cycle, but it does not directly relate to the practical operation of the autoclave chamber. Filtering air out before sterilization is a necessary step that aids in the process, and it is generally part of efficient autoclave design, ensuring that steam can penetrate and sterilize effectively.